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Item type:Publication, Gender gap in pension savings: evidence from Peru’s individual capitalization system(Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú. Departamento de Economía, 2022-06)We study the gender gap in the accumulation of pension funds in Peru, a country where the main pension system is based on individual retirement accounts. We exploit randomly selected samples of administrative pension fund registers collected between 2005 and 2019 and find a gender gap in favour of men at each percentile of the distribution of pension funds. The unconditional gender gap decreases along the percentiles until it reaches a sort of “glass ceiling” around the 85th percentile, and then it increases substantially. We also detect heterogeneity by birth cohorts, indicating that older cohorts show higher gender gaps in pension saving because of the capitalization process. Moreover, we find that awareness about pension fund risk management –a proxy for financial literacy– increases the dispersion of pension savings over the distribution and, therefore, increases inequality. This situation is aggravated by the fact that Peru has very low levels of financial literacy. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Too Traditional? Voting and Gender Gap in Peru, 2000–2021(Springer International Publishing, 2026-01-01)Between 2000 and 2021, Peru held seven presidential elections, and female candidates garnered significant support in six of them. Despite progress in gender equity values, a persistent traditional gender gap remains in political behavior. Female voters in Peru continue to lean toward conservative candidates and parties more often than men do. Using data from the World Values Survey (1996–2018) and the Comparative Study of Electoral Systems (2000–2021), this chapter explores the gender gap in electoral behavior, political participation, and attitudes toward gender equity. Whereas women in Peru exhibit more-progressive values, particularly among younger cohorts, these values do not consistently translate into progressive voting behavior. Instead, women tend to support conservative female candidates, particularly those opposed to gender equity and reproductive rights. This paradox may be explained by the instability and fragmentation of Peru’s party system, which hinders the consolidation of coherent political platforms, including progressive political agendas.1 - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Measuring gender gaps in financial literacy: evidence from Peru(Emerald Publishing Limited, 2026-06-09)This study examines gender differences in financial literacy in Peru using nationally representative ENCF data for 2013–2022. It assesses whether observed gaps persist after accounting for measurement choices, socioeconomic composition and distributional heterogeneity. Design/methodology/approach The analysis compares alternative financial literacy measures: the OECD/INFE core index, an extended six-item index, a wave-specific PCA-based score and an equal-weighted extended index. Mean gender gaps are estimated using pooled regressions with survey-year fixed effects and socioeconomic controls. Distributional heterogeneity is examined through conditional quantile regressions and unconditional quantile regressions based on Recentered Influence Functions (RIF). Findings Gender differences are sensitive to measurement design and model specification. Women display lower average financial literacy in unadjusted estimates, but these gaps attenuate substantially once education, employment, informality and household characteristics are controlled for. Evidence of a robust mean gender gap is limited. Conditional quantile regressions show no significant differences among comparable individuals, whereas unconditional RIF regressions reveal a female disadvantage only at the lower tail of the population distribution. This suggests that observed gaps are mainly compositional, reflecting women's overrepresentation among socioeconomically vulnerable groups. Originality/value The paper shows that conclusions about gender gaps in financial literacy depend on both measurement design and distributional perspective. By distinguishing conditional from unconditional differences, it offers a more nuanced interpretation of gender disparities and supports targeted financial education policies in developing-country contexts.