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Item type:Publication, Time evolution of external shocks on macroeconomic fluctuations in Pacific Alliance countries: empirical application using TVP-VAR-SV models(Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2022-03)This article provides empirical evidence on the evolution of the impact of external shocks on the macroeconomic dynamics of the Pacific Alliance (PA) countries. For this purpose, we estimate a family of VAR models that allows time variation (or constancy) of parameters, including the variance matrix (TVP-VAR-SV). The results suggest that: (i) fluctuations from China create the most significant and persistent responses: a 1% increase in China’s growth raises growth by 0.3%-0.4% during the first year in Chile, Colombia, and Mexico; and by 0.8% in Peru; (ii) responses to export price shocks evolve considerably over time; e.g., the impact on growth in Chile and Peru tripled in 1994-2009 and then moderated until 2019; and (iii) unexpected Fed rate increases result in significant increases in AP countries’ monetary policy rates, an effect that escalates during crisis periods and further deepens the negative impact on domestic output growth. Additionally, variance decomposition shows that external factors explained over 50% of deviations in the domestic variables considered in this work. In particular, the results show that external shock absorption over the sample is higher in Mexico and Peru. In contrast, the change in domestic dynamics in absence of external disturbances would have been milder in Chile and Colombia. Finally, we perform four robustness exercises, which imply the following modifications to the baseline model: (i) changing priors; (ii) modifying two external variables; (iii) using lowdimensional models (4, 5, and 6 variables); and (iv) expanding the model by adding a fiscal policy variable. The results do not change significantly relative to those found using the baseline model. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, The determinants of private investment in a mining export economy. Peru: 1997-2017(Pontificia Universidad Católica del Peru. Departamento de Economía, 2018-07)Peru is an economy where about 60 percent of exports are mineral, of which copper, in turn, represents half. What is the weight of international factors and domestic factors in determining private investment in this mining export economy? In this paper, we identify the dominant influence of international conditions on the evolution of private investment in Peru, as well as the enormous individual weight of the price of exports in this evolution. In the period 1997-2017, external factors explained 54, 64 and 38 percent of the variance in the growth rate of total private investment, mining investment, and non-mining investment, respectively; while more than, half of the weight of external factors was explained by the price of exports. On the other hand, domestic factors explained 46, 36 and 62 percent of the variance in the growth rate of total private investment, mining investment and nonmining investment; while about 40 percent of the weight of domestic factors was explained by public investment. These findings are important because they show the price of exports to be the main channel connecting private investment in Peru with the world economy, and public investment as the most effective policy variable affecting it.