3. Producción

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Entre "lo local y lo externo". El rol del territorio local en la transformación histórica del sistema alimentario de Lima Metropolitana
(Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú. Instituto de la Naturaleza, Tierra y Energía (INTE-PUCP), 2023-04-19)
The food system is a relevant component to sustain the cities, that arises from the interrelationship among stakeholders, infraestructures and natural resources, enabling food production, transformation, storage, distribution, commercialization and consumption, as well as food waste reuse. Thus, the system provides enough accessible and harmless food to the locals. In South America, the Pacific hydrographic region has hosted societies that created food systems that evolved from self-sufficient to open to economic chains. This has an impact on the management of production areas in the territory. Since pre-Hispanic times, territory-adapted food systems were developed, which were focused on managing several production areas distributed in a group of basins. Nevertheless, the creation of large cities in this region, such as Metropolitan Lima, have resulted in the relocation of production areas out and away from their territory, which allows to differentiate what is local and what is external. Although the metropolis became a strong economic hub that contributes to the development of global and domestic economic chains; population growth and unplanned urbanization have caused soil degradation and the reduction of arable land (supplied to the real estate market), relegating the local metropolitan territory to food trade and consumption. In consequence, the food system is vulnerable to global or domestic crisis scenarios that could interrupt the external production process. This research analyzes the historical transformation of Lima’s food system to reflect on the local territory’s contribution to food security.
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Water resources management in vulnerable ecosystems: Quiroz river basin, Piura
(European Center of Sustainable Development, 2020-01-01)
According to the IPCC (2014), access to water resources is increasingly limited due to the effects of climate change; in consequence, vulnerability of ecosystems and their inhabitants increases. Thus, it is necessary to develop socio-organizational capacities to mitigate and adapt to this scenario, where retribution mechanisms for ecosystem services (MRSE for its Spanish acronym) become more relevant. The research attempts to analyze the coordination among agents involved in sustainable water resources management, to face climate change vulnerability in high biodiversity areas. For this purpose, the implementation of the Quiroz-Chira water fund will be studied as a case that generates institutionalism for sustainability of this mechanism and that represents an important social innovation that can be replicated. The methodology has a descriptive scope and applies qualitative techniques that complement secondary sources systematized with WebQDA software. Results indicate high vulnerability of the analyzed basin districts and a correct governance in this innovation, both with a sustainable development approach oriented to conservation of water potential. This implies good articulation for implementation of the MRSE and promotion of interests’ unification between contributors and water resources retributive entities. Keywords: Climate change, Sustainable development, Watershed, Governance, Ecosystem services
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Chapter 23: impacts of deforestation and climate change on biodiversity, ecological processes, and environmental adaptation
(2021-11-12)
This chapter presents observed and predicted impacts of climate change on Amazonian ecosystems, focusing on biodiversity, ecosystem services, carbon cycling, fisheries, and emissions from biomass burning. It also considers climate and land-use change feedbacks and highlights knowledge gaps to better understand these complex interactions.
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Assessment of the potential responses of ecosystem services to anthropogenic threats in the Eten wetland, Peru
(Taylor and Francis Ltd., 2021-01-01)
Coastal wetlands are currently threatened by human drivers, such as agriculture, infrastructure development, and urban sprawl. Pressures on these ecosystems disturb their morphology and biogeochemical cycles, resulting in the degradation of ecosystem services. However, little has been done to understand the wetland response to identify proper conservation strategies. Along the Peruvian coast, wetlands present a diversity of landscapes that face similar threats and pressures; however, the ecosystem response in each one may be different. This study aims to assess the environmental impacts on ecosystem services based on the understanding of geomorphic features and the status of the Eten coastal wetland (Peru). Methods: The methodology combines the application of open-source GIS tools and the collection of field data to characterize the geomorphic settings and to analyze the changes in environmental parameters. Then, the main threats and pressures on the Eten wetland are defined and related to impacts on ecosystem services using a cause-effect model. Results: Overall, the results indicated that the river plays a vital role in defining the wetland landscape and functions. The biological diversity of aquatic habitats is disturbed by hydraulic structures and agricultural activities. Current land use affects supporting and regulation services, such as water regulation.
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Local social-ecological context explains seasonal rural-rural migration of the poorest in south-west Bangladesh
(Public Library of Science, 2024-03-01)
Bangladesh is one of the countries most affected by climate change. Internal migration is often presented as a response to environmental degradation. Here, using a people-centred perspective, we explore the complexity of the links between climate-induced change, environmental degradation caused by waterlogging and seasonal rural migration. We used an inductive qualitative approach in social sciences, conducting fourteen semi-directed interviews and six focus group discussions in March-April 2022. We related those results to a rainfall analysis on CHIRPS data for 1981-2021and we represented interactions and feedback between changes and livelihoods in a model. A complex picture of the situation is emerging, showing the interweaving effects of non-climatic and climatic changes, their interplay at different scales, their cumulative effects, the interactions between livelihood types and feedback between social and natural systems. Most of the climate-induced changes gradually become noticeable over the past 25 years. Climate data confirm these changes in recent decades, with July being wetter and January being dryer. Villagers reported waterlogging as the most significant change in their community, pointing to its multiple causes, originating in non-local and local, non-climatic anthropic changes, exacerbated by shrimp farm enclosures and worsened by climate-induced changes such as heavier rains, wetter monsoons and cyclones. Tiger prawn farms, reported as a lucrative and local adaptation to waterlogging and salinisation for the ones who can afford it, worsen the situation for the less wealthy, causing waterlogging and salinisation of the adjacent agricultural lands and buildings, the disappearance of traditional fishing and a reduction of the local job market. In addition, erratic rain patterns, droughts and cyclones affect local production and labour markets. COVID-19 lockdowns, by impacting markets and mobilities, further aggravated the situation. Inequality has increased as the range of adaptations of the less wealthy appears limited in this context of multiple crises.
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South American Mountain Ecosystems and Global Change–A Case Study for Integrating Theory and Field Observations for Land Surface Modelling and Ecosystem Management
(Taylor and Francis Ltd., 2023-01-01)
Background: Plot-based monitoring has yielded much information on the taxonomic diversity and carbon (C) storage in tropical lowland forests of the Amazon basin. This has resulted in an improved understanding of the relationship between lowland forest biomass dynamics and global change drivers, such as climate change and atmospheric CO2 concentration. Much less attention has been paid to the mountain ecosystems of South America that comprise montane forests and alpine vegetation (páramo, puna, high Andean grasslands, wetlands, and alpine heath). This vegetation complex provides a variety of ecosystem services and forms a natural laboratory along various physiographic, geological and evolutionary history/biogeography, and land use history gradients. Aims: Here, we review existing empirical understanding and model-based approaches to quantify the contribution of mountain ecosystems to ecosystem service provision in the rapidly changing socioecological setting of the South American mountains. The objective of this paper is to outline a broad road map for the implementation of mountain vegetation into dynamic global vegetation models (DGVM) for use in Earth System Models (ESM), based on our current understanding of their structure and function and of their responsiveness to global change drivers. We also identify treeline processes, critical in mountain ecosystems, as key missing elements in DGVMs/ESMs, and thus explore in addition a treeline model. Methods: Stocktaking of the availability of empirical data was undertaken from eight research sites along the Andes and in south-eastern Brazil. Out of eight sites, two (one each in Venezuela and Brazil) had some climate, ecological and ecophysiological data potentially suitable to parametrise a DGVM. Tree biomass data were available for six sites. A preliminary assessment of the Joint UK Land Environment Simulator (JULES) DGVM was made to identify gaps in available data and their impacts on model parametrisation and calibration. Additionally, the potential climate-determined elevation of the treeline was modelled to check the DGVM for its ability to identify the transition between the montane forest and alpine vegetation. Results: Outcomes of the evaluation of the JULES land surface model identified the following key processes in montane forests: temperature-related decrease in net primary production, respiration, and allocation to above-ground biomass and increase in soil C stocks with elevation. There was a variable agreement between simulated biomass and those derived from field measurements via allometric equations. Conclusions: We identified major gaps between data availability and the needs for process-based modelling of South American mountain vegetation and its dynamics in DGVMs. To bridge this gap, we propose a transdisciplinary network, composed of members of the theoretical/modelling and empirical scientific communities, to study the natural dynamics of mountain ecosystems and their responses to global change drivers locally, regionally and at the continental scale, within a social-ecological system framework. The work presented here forms the basis for the design of data collection from field measurements and instrumental monitoring stations to parametrise and verify DGVMs. The network is designed to collaborate with and complement existing long-term research initiatives in the region and will adopt existing standard field protocols. Complementary protocols will ensure compatibility between field data collection and data needed for process-based and empirical models.
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Mapping High-Altitude Peatlands to Inform a Landscape Conservation Strategy in the Andes of Northern Peru
(Cambridge University Press, 2023-12-12)
The wetlands of the jalca ecoregion in the Andes of northern Peru form peat and play a major role in the hydrological ecosystem services of the ecoregion. Although peat is globally valued for carbon sequestration and storage, peatlands have not yet been mapped in the jalca. In this region, the Gocta waterfall, one of the 20 highest waterfalls in the world, depends on the jalca's wetlands ecosystem. The local population depends on tourism to the waterfall and is concerned about preserving its drainage area. To inform conservation planning, in this study we delimited the drainage area of the Gocta waterfall and identified land tenure by applying Geographic Information System (GIS), remote sensing and participatory mapping techniques. Then, by classifying optical, radar and digital elevation models data, we mapped peatland in the jalca of the Gocta drainage area with an overall accuracy of 97.1%. Our results will inform conservation strategy in this complex area of communal, private and informal land tenure systems. At a regional level, this appears to be the first attempt at mapping peatlands using remote sensing imagery in the jalca ecoregion, and it represents a milestone for future efforts to map and conserve peatlands in other tropical mountain areas of the world.
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Cambio ambiental global y metabolismo social local: marcos de interpretación, herramientas de valoración y políticas derivadas
(University of Atlántico, 2023-01-01)
El Informe de la Evaluación Mundial de la Diversidad Biológica y los Servicios de los Ecosistemas publicado por la Plataforma Intergubernamental sobre Biodiversidad y Servicios de los Ecosistemas (2019) concluía, entre otras cuestiones, que el ritmo del cambio global en la naturaleza durante los últimos 50 años no tiene precedentes en la historia de la humanidad. En este contexto de aceleración del cambio y situación de emergencia climática actual se hace necesario avanzar en el establecimiento de bases teóricas y metodológicas que permitan comprender sus mecanismos de funcionamiento e impactos a distintas escalas temporales y geográficas, considerando, a su vez, la especificidad de los distintos territorios y hábitats. Con objeto de avanzar en el conocimiento sobre la situación mundial de emergencia ambiental y sus instrumentos de valoración y mitigación, este monográfico lanzó un llamamiento a la contribución de trabajos teórico-metodológicos y de análisis de casos prácticos que tuvieran en consideración, la diversidad territorial y multiescalaridad de los procesos ambientales y de las políticas diseñadas para su tratamiento, tomando como punto de partida los marcos de interpretación del cambio global y del metabolismo social. En su consideración conjunta, se revela la utilidad de crear marcos teórico-metodológicos de entendimiento común, pero adaptados a la diversidad de cada territorio y escala. Igualmente, se identifica la utilidad de las políticas públicas fundamentadas en la economía ecológica, pero reforzadas con las nuevas formas de gobernanza territorial caracterizadas por la incorporación de la participación y el fomento de la coordinación y cooperación multinivel, multiescalar y sectorial.
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A bibliometric analysis of research on forest policy in Mexico
(Commonwealth Forestry Association, 2026-05-20)
Sustainable forest management in Mexico is essential to maintaining the ecosystem services that support both biodiversity and human activities. The objective of this study was to identify the scientific perspective of forest policy in Mexico through a bibliometric analysis based on a literature review technique using quantitative methods. Scientific, academic and technical products indexed in Scopus and Web of Science were analyzed and supplemented with open access data from Google Scholar. The combined use of the three sources provided a broad view of scientific production. A total of 89 documents were found; manuscripts unrelated to the research and duplicates were excluded, resulting in a total of 49 documents for the study. A total of 540 authors contributed, with six documents by a single author. Global scientific output is concentrated in Mexico, United States, Norway and France. Bibliometric analysis concluded that thematic trends show that community forestry, governance, and payments for environmental services dominate the field, with critical debates on policy design and implementation.
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Plant functional traits shape the provision of ecosystem services to Indigenous communities in western Amazonia
(John Wiley and Sons, 2025)
1.-Context. Exploring how Indigenous People interact with plants through their functional traits allows us to understand the ecological bases of plant selection. Functional traits can help explain why certain plants are consistently chosen for specific purposes across diverse cultural contexts. However, these relationships are complex and remain insufficiently explored. Here, we ask (1) which functional traits are most important in shaping different uses? and (2) do similarities in trait–use associations across Indigenous communities reflect patterns of knowledge convergence?. 2.-Methods. We conducted fieldwork across nine different Indigenous communities spanning a 1800 km distance in western Amazonia. In total, we sampled 115 0.1-ha plots, recording the abundance of 1856 woody plant species. For these species, we collected data on 13 different functional traits, primarily measured in the field, with additional values sourced from TRY and other databases, and conducted in situ ethnobotanical interviews with 25 Indigenous male participants, focusing on 14 distinct use categories. We analysed (1) trait–use relationships using generalized linear models and (2) the similarity in trait selection for each use across communities using generalized linear mixed models. 3.-Results. Plants used for medicine or food were associated with multiple traits, including reproductive traits, exudates and life form. In contrast, culturally specific uses such as rituals, cosmetics or recreational were linked to more specific traits, particularly wood density and lianas. Across communities, we observed widespread convergence in trait–use associations, suggesting shared patterns of plant use despite cultural differences. However, 24% of the trait–use combinations showed divergence, indicating local adaptation or cultural specificity. Synthesis and applications. Plant selection by Indigenous communities is not random; rather, it is guided by functional traits that consistently support human well-being. We named this pattern ‘functional selection convergence’, highlighting how ecological function and traditional knowledge interact across distinct cultural contexts. This convergence shows the importance of functional ecology explaining traditional plant selection. Our findings are a call for a trait-based ethnobotanical approach to document and better preserve the ecosystem services essential to Indigenous livelihoods. Nevertheless, we emphasize the need for future research to involve broader and more diverse ethnobotanical participation.
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