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Seismic Assessment of the Lima Cathedral Bell Towers via Kinematic and Nonlinear Static Pushover Analyses
(Taylor and Francis Inc.325 Chestnut St, Suite 800PhiladelphiaPA 19106, 2020-07-02)
The protection of cultural heritage against earthquake induced actions is one of the main challenges the earthquake engineering science and practice are facing. This article presents a seismic assessment study on one of the most ancient colonial buildings present in Peru, the Cathedral of Lima, focusing on its towers. A historical review highlighted how these structures, together with the whole Cathedral, suffered intense damage and partial collapse during previous earthquakes. In order to identify the structure main deficiencies, both linear kinematic analyses and nonlinear static analyses have been performed. Different nonlinear finite element models have been created to evaluate the influence of the adjacent walls. Different load distributions have been compared to evaluate how simplified patterns could provide results close to load distributions taken from a modal analysis of the complex. A simple retrofit strategy, consisting on the introduction of steel ties, has also been studied as a reference. Results show good correlation between kinematic and pushover analyses. The construction, when compared to the requirements of the national code for new buildings, results significantly vulnerable, pointing out the need to accept some structural damage even after seismic retrofit.
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Experimental and analytical bond behaviour of masonry strengthened with steel reinforced grout (SRG)
(Elsevier, 2020-03-30)
Steel Reinforced Grout (SRG) is gaining popularity as a retrofitting system for structural elements due to advantages such as its effectiveness and ease of installation. The good performance of SRG system has turned out to be substantially dependent on the behaviour of the bond between the composite layer and the substrate. This paper presents an experimental study of the bond behaviour of Peruvian masonry strengthened with SRG, along with a characterization of the materials by means of direct tensile tests on the fiber and compression tests on the mortar. The criteria of the sample's geometry, construction and test procedure are discussed for each trial since up to now there has been a gap in the standards that control them. In addition, an analytical model is employed in order to obtain design bond parameters to define a Cohesive Material Law (CML). The strain profile, slip profile, force profile and shear stress profile along the length of the bond are presented for each bond test. Finally, an optimal bond length is proposed for SRG material and a fracture energy value at the matrix-fiber interface.
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Construcción y mantenimiento de viviendas de albañilería para albañiles y maestros de obra
(Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2005-01)
El Perú se encuentra ubicado en una zona sísmica. Cada cierto tiempo ocurren terremotos que hacen que las viviendas mal construidas sufran daños importantes. En esta cartilla te enseñaremos a construir viviendas sismorresistentes. No olvides que es importante consultar a un ingeniero civil antes de elaborar los planos y construir tu vivienda.
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Construcción y mantenimiento de viviendas de albañilería para albañiles y maestros de obra
(Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2006)
El Perú se encuentra ubicado en una zona sísmica. Cada cierto tiempo ocurren terremotos que hacen que las viviendas mal construidas sufran daños importantes. En esta nueva versión de la cartilla te enseñaremos a construir viviendas sismorresistentes no solo para la costa, sino también para las regiones de selva y sierra. No olvides que es importante consultar a un ingeniero civil antes de elaborar los planos y construir tu vivienda.
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Construcción y mantenimiento de viviendas de albañilería para albañiles y maestros de obra
(Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2004-11)
El Perú se encuentra ubicado en una zona sísmica. Cada cierto tiempo ocurren terremotos que hacen que las viviendas mal construidas sufran daños importantes. En esta cartilla te enseñaremos a construir viviendas sismorresistentes. No olvides que es importante consultar a un ingeniero civil antes de elaborar los planos y construir tu vivienda.
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Out-of-plane analysis of dry-stone walls using a pseudo-static experimental and numerical approach in scaled-down specimens
(Elsevier, 2021)
The objective of the present work is to study the response of dry stone walls subjected to out-of-plane forces and the influence of block`s rugosity, joint arrangement, and border conditions. For this purpose, a series of scaled-down experimental tests on a tilting table and 3D numerical modelling using discrete elements, DEM, are proposed. In the numerical model, the applicability of some types of discrete elements is first studied. The preliminary analysis gives us useful information about the effects of the joint disposition and the border conditions in the response. Finally, the sensitivity of the response of the blocks to the parameter’s variations is analyzed. The experimental and numerical results show that the DEM method is adequate to simulate the failure mode, the displacement, and the lateral load of stone walls due to out-of-plane lateral loads considering the effect of the irregularity of the blocks, joint arrangement, and border conditions.
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Development of fragility curves for confined masonry buildings in Lima, Peru
(2018)
This paper aims at investigating the seismic fragility of confined masonry (CM) structures in Lima, Peru, which can be used to perform earthquake scenarios at urban scale. A database describing the geometric properties (walls density, building area, height) of this type of structure was developed using data from field surveys. This information was complemented with results from experimental tests to compute a large set of capacity curves using a mechanical procedure. These models were tested against a set of ground motion records using the displacement-based earthquake loss assessment (DBELA) procedure, and the structural responses were used to derive fragility functions for four building classes. The resulting fragility curves were convoluted with seismic hazard curves to evaluate the annualized expected loss ratio and annual collapse probability.
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Development of a Fragility Model for the Residential Building Stock in South America
(2017)
South America—in particular, the Andean countries—are exposed to high levels of seismic hazard, which, when combined with the elevated concentration of population and properties, has led to an alarming potential for human and economic losses. Although several fragility models have been developed in recent decades for South America, and occasionally used in probabilistic risk analysis, these models have been developed using distinct methodologies and assumptions, which renders any direct comparison of the results across countries questionable, and thus application at a regional level unreliable. This publication aims at obtaining a uniform fragility model for the most representative building classes in the Andean region, for large-scale risk analysis. To this end, sets of single-degree-of-freedom oscillators were created and subjected to a series of ground motion records using nonlinear time history analyses, and the resulting damage distributions were used to derive sets of fragility functions.
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Masonry infilled frame structures: state-of-the-art review of numerical modelling
(2015)
This paper presents a state-of-the-art review of the nonlinear modelling techniques available today for describing the structural behaviour of masonry infills and their interaction with frame structures subjected to in-plane loads. Following brief overviews on the behaviour of masonry-infilled frames and on the results of salient experimental tests, three modelling approaches are discussed in more detail: the micro, the meso and the macro approaches. The first model considers each of the infilled frame elements as separate: brick units, mortar, concrete and steel reinforcement; while the second approach treats the masonry infill as a continuum. The paper focuses on the third approach, which combines frame elements for the beams and columns with one or more equivalent struts for the infill panel. Due to its relative simplicity and computational speed, the macro model technique is more widely used today, though not all proposed models capture the main effects of the frame-infill interaction.
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Displacement-Based Fragility Curves for Seismic Assessment of Adobe Buildings in Cusco, Peru
(2012)
The seismic vulnerability of single-story adobe dwellings located in Cusco, Peru, is studied based on a mechanics-based procedure, which considers the analysis of in-plane and out-of-plane failure mechanisms of walls. The capacity of each dwelling is expressed as a function of its displacement capacity and period of vibration and is evaluated for different limit states to damage. The seismic demand has been obtained from several displacement response spectral shapes. From the comparison of the capacity with the demand, probabilities of failure have been obtained for different PGA values. The results indicate that fragility curves in terms of PGA are strongly influenced by the response spectrum shape; however, this is not the case for the derivation of fragility curves in terms of limit state spectral displacement. Finally, fragility curves for dwellings located in Pisco, Peru, were computed and the probabilities of failure were compared with the data obtained from the 2007 Peruvian earthquake.

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