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Item type:Publication, Comparison of different intervention options for massive seismic upgrading of essential facilities(MDPI, 2020-07-01)The seismic retrofitting of essential facilities is a typical problem of public administrations. Due to the large amount of existing and/or historic buildings with a high seismic vulnerability and the limited economic resources, it is necessary to provide efficient solutions for the structural reinforcement of these structures on a national, regional, and urban level. This paper proposes an innovative and multidisciplinary framework to choose massive interventions on a large territorial scale according to the potential benefits of the intervention in terms of reduction in expected economic losses associated with retrofitting intervention and other important aspects usually neglected in intervention strategies. The proposed framework is based on Multi-Criteria Decision-Making (MCDM) analysis. It is applied to a very complex urban area: the case study is the school buildings stock (4458 buildings) in the Lima Metropolitan area, Peru. The goal of the study is arisk analysis aimed at selecting the optimal retrofitting strategy in a huge urban area. The results of this work can be considered the base for decision-makers. They could use them as a decision support tool in the seismic risk mitigation on a large territorial scale. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, 2017 Coastal El Niño in Peru: an opportunity to analyze the influence of hazard mitigation plans on local resilience(Elsevier, 2021-01-01)This research proposes an ex post methodology for analyzing the influence of Hazard Mitigation Plans in the level of resilience in localities affected by an extreme event. For verifying its applicability, the case of heavy rainfalls of the 2017 coastal El Niño event in Peru is analyzed. The methodology consists of two analysis levels. The first one correlates the quality of existing plans with damages and recovery rapidity. The second analysis level focuses on one sample of the localities selected for performing a deeper qualitative-territorial analysis. The methodology applicability was verified, and we determined that the reduction of direct damages after an event is correlated to the existence of actions such as land use regulation and the structural reinforcement. Moreover, the identification of those responsible for these processes, the verification of possible financing funds and the estimation of intervention costs positively influence on the reconstruction rapidity. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Life-cycle cost analysis for an incremental seismic rehabilitation project(SAGE Publications Inc., 2021-11-01)Incremental seismic rehabilitation (ISR) consists of a set of discrete rehabilitation actions in order to decrease initial costs and to avoid long-lasting disruptions. Nevertheless, there are few cases of incrementally retrofitted buildings and few studies about its economic feasibility. The objective of this work is to evaluate the differences between incremental and single-stage rehabilitation in terms of economic losses during the building’s life span. For this purpose, this work analyzes three rehabilitation proposals to improve seismic performance of typical school buildings. Based on P58 FEMA (Federal Emergency Management Agency) methodology, expected repair costs and benefits were calculated for each rehabilitation intervention. Results confirm the potential of ISR for improving essential buildings. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Transparency-based protocol for decision-making regarding seismic rehabilitation projects of public buildings(Elsevier, 2021-03-01)Motivation and problem definition: A large number of public buildings designed with obsolete criteria are at high seismic risk and in need of structural rehabilitation. The task of selecting the optimal strategy poses important challenges for decision-makers due to the variety of intervention options and the fact that the construction sector is perceived to be one of the most corrupt in the economy. Given that transparency is an efficient anti-corruption strategy, a protocol is proposed for decision-making in seismic rehabilitation projects of public infrastructure that incorporates criteria which serve to increase transparency in the project development. Methods: Firstly, the literature was reviewed to describe current practices and regulations linked to decision-making in seismic rehabilitation/retrofitting of buildings. Secondly, relevant criteria that should be taken into account to favor transparency in decision-making were proposed. Thirdly, these criteria were integrated into a protocol that uses information and communication technologies (ICTs), Building Information Modeling (BIM), and collaborative methodologies that involve all stakeholders that will participate in the decision-making process. Finally, the protocol was applied to a real decision-making case study for the selection of alternatives for large-scale reinforcement of state schools in the city of Lima. Results: The criteria of auditability or ease of control of the construction process is well regarded by stakeholders as a mechanism to increase transparency. Including these transparency criteria could influence the selection of reinforcement alternatives, especially if the profile of stakeholders is environmentally-oriented. The sensitivity analysis confirmed the dependency of the selection on the decision-maker profile. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Out-of-plane analysis of dry-stone walls using a pseudo-static experimental and numerical approach in scaled-down specimens(Elsevier, 2021-10-15)The objective of the present work is to study the response of dry stone walls subjected to out-of-plane forces and the influence of block‘s rugosity, joint arrangement, and border conditions. For this purpose, a series of scaled-down experimental tests on a tilting table and 3D numerical modeling using discrete elements, DEM, are proposed. In the numerical model, the applicability of some types of discrete elements is first studied. The preliminary analysis gives us useful information about the effects of the joint disposition and the border conditions in the response. Finally, the sensitivity of the response of the blocks to the parameter's variations is analyzed. The experimental and numerical results show that the DEM method is adequate to simulate the failure mode, the displacement, and the lateral load of stone walls due to out-of-plane lateral loads considering the effect of the irregularity of the blocks, joint arrangement, and border conditions. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, A method to include life cycle assessment results in choosing by advantage (CBA) multicriteria decision analysis: a case study for seismic retrofit in Peruvian primary schools(MDPI AG, 2021-08-01)Building information modeling (BIM) is an emerging technology that improves visualization, understanding, and transparency in construction projects. Its use in Latin America and the Caribbean (LA&C), while still scarce, is developing in combination with multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) methods, such as the choosing by advantages (CBA) method. Despite the holistic nature of MCDM methods, the inclusion of life cycle environmental metrics is lagging in construction projects in LA&C. However, recent studies point toward the need to optimize the synergies between BIM and life cycle assessment (LCA), in which a method like CBA could allow improving the quality of the decisions. Therefore, the main objective of this study is to integrate LCA and CBA methods to identify the effect that the inclusion of environmental impacts can have on decision-making in public procurement, as well as comparing how this final decision differs from an exclusively LCA-oriented interpretation of the results. Once the LCA was performed, a set of additional criteria for the CBA method were fixed, including transparency, technical, and social indicators. Thereafter, a stakeholder participative workshop was held in order to gather experts to elucidate on the final decision. The methodology was applied to a relevant construction sector problem modelled with BIM in the city of Lima (Peru), which consisted of three different construction techniques needed to retrofit educational institutions. Results from the LCA-oriented assessment, which was supported by Monte Carlo simulation, revealed a situation in which the masonry-based technique showed significantly lower environmental impacts than the remaining two options. However, when a wider range of technical, social, and transparency criteria are added to the environmental indicators, this low-carbon technique only prevailed in those workshop tables in which environmental experts were present and under specific computational assumptions, whereas teams with a higher proportion of government members were inclined to foster alternatives that imply less bureaucratic barriers. Finally, the results constitute an important milestone when it comes to including environmental factors in public procurement in LA&C. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Analytical and numerical modeling for the assessment of CO2 storage in the Pariñas geological formation - Talara, Peru(Elsevier, 2021-09-01)This research evaluates the CO2 storage capacity of the Pariñas Formation belonging to the Talara basin in Peru through analytical modeling based on mass balance equations and numerical modeling using IMEX CMG. Pariñas Formation has several depleted hydrocarbon reservoirs that presents favorable conditions for CO2 geological storage. It has an average porosity of 17.6% and a permeability of 640 mD in the horizontal direction consisting of sandstones with interspersed lutites layers. The study evaluates the depleted Bellavista oil deposits involving CO2 storage capacity estimation with CO2 and reservoir fluid (oil and water) interaction. It involves numerical modeling based on the reservoirs properties and CO2 injection simulation not exceeding the fracture pressure of the reservoir rock. This approach is the first one carried out in Peru and provides the chance to evaluate the CO2 storage capacity in a hydrocarbon reservoir in this part of the world, as a strategy to mitigate future global change impacts. The results indicate a storage capacity of 35.37 million tons of CO2, approximately. Besides, the sandstone reservoir of the Pariñas geological formation has adequate characteristics to serve as a CO2 storage reservoir. C30+ pseudo component shows greater sensitivity in its properties (temperature and critical pressure) adjusting the fluid properties with the experimental data (saturation pressure, viscosity and minimum miscibility pressure). - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, El potencial de desarrollo de proyectos de almacenamiento geológico de CO2 en el Perú: una propuesta(Científica del Sur University, 2022-01-01)La captura y el almacenamiento geológico de CO2 (CCS) es una alternativa para la mitigación del cambio climático que ha sido poco analizada en la región oeste de Sudamérica. El objetivo de este documento es presentar resultados de una investigación previa sobre zonas potenciales para el almacenamiento geológico de CO2 en el Perú y brindar recomendaciones orientadas a la implementación de una política pública en el Perú. El estudio previo concluye que es posible realizar el almacenamiento geológico en algunos lotes de extracción de hidrocarburos ubicados en la región de Piura, debido a sus condiciones geológicas, la infraestructura en el sitio y de conexión con las principales fuentes de emisión de CO2. A la luz de estos resultados, se recomienda establecer una secuencia metodológica y procedimental para proyectos de CCS que incluya estudios de aceptación social. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, A multi-criteria approach to the selection of geological storage of CO2 sites in Peru(Elsevier Ltd, 2022-02-01)Anthropogenically-driven climate change is a global problem explained by the intensification of the greenhouse effect due to the increase in greenhouse gas emissions, including carbon dioxide (CO2). One approach to reducing the emission of CO2 to the atmosphere is the capture of CO2 from its emitting source, its transport, and its geological storage (CCS). However, there are few cases reported in the western region of South America. Thus, the objective of the research is to establish potential areas for the geological storage of CO2 in Peru. The study includes the review and analysis of available information using multi-criteria analysis tools. Thirteen hydrocarbon reservoirs were selected as potential storage sites. Using the order of preference technique for similarity to the ideal solution (TOPSIS), the selected sites were rated and ranked using nineteen geological, social, environmental, and economic criteria. The criteria and their weights were obtained from previous studies and validated in a participatory workshop. Finally, the public acceptance of CCS projects is analyzed through a case study in one of the selected sites with a focus group with local actors and a population survey. It is concluded that the people's attitude in the areas near the prioritized sites is favorable as long as biodiversity and the economic conditions are not at risk. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Vulnerabilities and exposure of recent informal urban areas in Lima, Peru(Elsevier Ltd, 2024-10-01)Urban areas are experiencing rapid growth, accompanied by significant disorder in Lima Metropolitan area and many other cities in South America. Due to decades of uncontrolled construction practices, it is imperative to identify and better understand the types of informalities prevalent in these recent urban areas. Addressing this lack of information is crucial for implementing appropriate countermeasures and developing new policies that benefit the communities residing in such areas. It is worth noting that understanding disaster risk aligns with the first priority of the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction. In this study, we propose the use of radar satellite imagery recorded by the Sentinel-1 constellation since 2017 to identify clusters of urban growth in Lima Metropolitan area. Then, the informal urban clusters can be depicted by visual inspection of the last recorded high-resolution optical image. With good spatial and temporal resolution, we identified 25 clusters informal areas. Among our findings, we observed that several of these clusters are situated in landfills comprised of construction and other waste, increasing their vulnerability to debris flow, landslides, and earthquakes. Additionally, we noted that some new urban areas mainly consist of temporarily empty houses, highlighting the feasibility of implementing countermeasures, such as relocations, in the early stages of informal occupation. These results underscore the significant contribution of satellite radar imagery in identifying recent informal urban areas.