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Access type: UnknownAuthor: search.filters.author.Paúl Montúfar

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    Real-World Emission Factors for Andean Light-Duty Vehicles Based on a PSVm10-Validated Driving Cycle Across 0–4000 m Altitude
    (Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI), 2026-08-04)
    Emission inventories for high-altitude Andean cities rely on sea-level certification cycles that misrepresent real-world combustion conditions. This study derives altitude-resolved emission factors (EFs) for light-duty gasoline vehicles across 0–4000 m a.s.l. in Ecuador using the purpose-built Andean Ecuador Driving Cycle (aedc), validated against naturalistic data via the Percentile Speed Vector metric (PSVm10; IGS =1.89 vs. IGS =2.30 for the WLTC). Ten vehicles (Euro III–V) were instrumented with OBD-II and portable analysers recording CO, NO, HC, and CO2 at 1 Hz over a four-year campaign (2021–2025; ≈2000 h). K-Means clustering on PSVm10 identified five operating regimes (silhouette ≈0.384). Under dynamically equivalent aedc conditions, NO, CO, and HC all peaked in the 1000–2000 m band (NO: 0.188gkm−1, 6.7× the sea-level value; CO: 4.47gkm−1, +50%; HC: 0.047gkm−1, +292%), fell in the 2000–3000 m band, and partially rebounded above 3000 m (NO: 0.186gkm−1); CO2 instead declined monotonically with altitude (182 to 119gkm−1, −35%), tracking a near-stable-to-slightly-declining fuel consumption (8.56 to 8.11L/100km) consistent with reduced aerodynamic drag at altitude partially offsetting the density penalty. These results show that altitude affects pollutants through distinct, non-monotonic mechanisms rather than a uniform trend, so that single-coefficient altitude corrections introduce systematic bias in Andean emission inventories.
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    Development and Validation of a Methodology for Predicting Fuel Consumption and Emissions Generated by Light Vehicles Based on Clustering of Instantaneous and Cumulative Vehicle Power
    (Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI), 2025-03-01)
    In the global context, transportation contributes 26% of the total CO2 emissions, with land transport responsible for 92% of the emissions within the sector. Given this significant contribution to climate change, it is crucial to quantify vehicular impacts to implement effective mitigation strategies. This study introduces an innovative method for predicting fuel consumption and emissions of carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, and nitrogen oxides in vehicles, based on instantaneous vehicle-specific power (VSP) and mean accumulated power. VSP is a parameter that measures a vehicle's power in relation to its mass, providing an indicator of the efficiency with which the vehicle converts fuel into motion. This indicator is particularly useful for assessing how vehicles utilize their energy under different driving conditions and how this affects their fuel consumption and emissions. Using data collected from 10 vehicles over 2000 h and covering altitudes from 0 to 4000 m above sea level in Ecuador, the method not only improved the accuracy of consumption predictions, reducing the margin of error by up to 10% at high altitudes, but also provided a detailed understanding of how altitude affects both consumption and emissions. The precision of the new method was notable, with a standard deviation of only 0.25 L per 100 km, allowing for reliable estimates under various operational conditions. Interestingly, the study revealed an average increase in fuel consumption of 0.43 L per 1000 m of altitude gain, while CO2 emissions showed a significant reduction from 260.93 g/km to 215.90 g/km when ascending from 500 m to 4000 m. These findings underscore the relevance of considering altitude in route planning, especially in mountainous terrains, to optimize performance and environmental sustainability. However, the study also indicated an increase in CO and NOx emissions with altitude, a challenge that highlights the need for integrated strategies addressing both fuel consumption and air quality. Collectively, the results emphasized the complex interplay between altitude, energy efficiency, and vehicular emissions, underscoring the importance of a holistic approach to transportation management, to minimize adverse environmental impacts and promote sustainability.
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