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Item type:Publication, The use and meaning of gold in ancient Peru(Springer, 2021-01-01)Gold as a native metal is found in nature in quartz veins with pyrite and other sulfurous minerals from epigenetic mineral deposits, or in secondary deposits, known as placers, the gold from which is called alluvial gold due to its origin. This metal, with its bright yellow color, was a fundamental element in the Andean worldview and was related to the Sun, an astrological body that was considered a god by ancient Andeans. In this chapter, we will present the history of the gold used to create objects belonging to rulers that were deposited in funerary and architectural contexts, from the oldest piece fabricated in the Andean word to the use and meaning that the ancient inhabitants gave to this noble metal. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Ofrendas incas en oro y plata: estudio tecnológico de estatuillas antropomorfas y zoomorfas miniatura de la región del Cusco, Perú (chapitre 7)(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 2021-08-01) - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
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Item type:Publication, Case studies on reverse engineering on ancient metals(Springer, 2021-01-01)Metallic pieces from the archaeological site of the Mapuche Cemetery of Montaña Mesa de Malargüe, located in the southern region of Mendoza, Argentina, were studied. These pieces were made of raw and alloyed copper and can be described as a notched quadrangular ring, three cones, and the hemisphere of a spherical rattle. This study allows us to glimpse that a developed society was inserted south of the Salado River before the arrival of the Spanish colonizers. The studies consisted of metallographic analyzes with the help of a portable microscope, analyzes of the chemical composition carried out with portable X-ray fluorescence equipment and the evaluation of microhardness. The samples were further characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray energy dispersion spectrometry (EDS). There was evidence of changes in metal working methods, as well as in the use of raw materials, and this can be linked to the processes of social transformation that occurred within Mapuche society. These historic metal pieces were studied as part of the Border Archeometallurgy Project carried out between 2016 and 2017. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Were metal tweezers exclusively used as hair removers in the Central Andes?(Universidad Catolica del Norte, 2024-01-01)In the central Andean territory, tweezers have been made from metals since the Early Horizon period (800-200 B.C.). In pre-Hispanic funerary contexts, they are usually associated with males and were long thought to be used mainly for hair removal since that is how they appear in colonial written and iconographic sources and on pre-Hispanic ceramics. However, significant evidence allows us to verify multiple uses. This article reviews cases reported in the archaeological bibliography and museum records where tweezers are connected to several functions, including textiles, fishing, facial cleansing and, possibly, pre-Hispanic metallurgy. Likewise, we present ethnographic data and primary sources on tweezer use. This data contributes to understanding their various functions and meanings. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Gilded Copper in Metal Objects Used Between 400 BC and AD 450/500 in the Bay of Huanchaco, North Coast of Peru(Universidad de Tarapaca, 2023-01-01)During the last ten years, the Huanchaco Archaeological Program has investigated many sites on the Huanchaco coast, La Libertad Region, North Coast of Peru, where a hundred metallic objects associated with various cultural periods have been recovered. For this paper, we have chosen five metal artifacts associated with secure contexts and with AMS dates, which were analyzed using optical and electronic microscopy as well as digital X-rays. The absolute temporal frames for these artifacts are between 400 and 200 cal. BC (late Early Horizon) and AD 200-500. Our results indicate that between 400 and 200 cal. BC, the gilded depletion copper technique was in use, which according to our knowledge is the earliest reported for the Andean region. This study shows how the use of this technique is continued by later societies until AD 450/500. After this period, goldsmiths of the Moche society (AD 450/500 - 800/850) began to introduce new goldsmithing techniques, observable in some objects used in Huanchaco. In sum, the samples are scarce, but due to their origins from controlled contexts, they are of utmost importance.