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Item type:Publication, Water scarcity footprint of cocoa irrigation in Bahia(Institute for Environmental Research in Hydrographic Basins (IPABHi), 2022-07-20)This study simulated the water scarcity footprint (WSF) of cocoa irrigation in municipalities considered suitable for cocoa growing in the state of Bahia, according to agro climatic zoning. Irrigation demand was calculated using the model proposed by FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations). Subsequently, impact on water scarcity was calculated using the product of crop irrigation demand and water scarcity characterization factors of the regionalized AWARE method for Brazil. The WSF in Bahia ranged between 0.28 and 646.5 m³ of water per kilo of cocoa produced. From the defined scale, of the 417 municipalities in Bahia suitable for growing cocoa, 59% have a 'low' footprint, 18% 'medium', 10% 'high', and 12% have a 'very high' footprint. Based on these results, it is suggested that areas with lower WSF are a priority in the expansion of cocoa to avoid a possible compromise of other essential demands of the municipalities. In addition, irrigation should avoid waste, especially in regions with high levels of water scarcity. The results show that the inclusion of the WSF in agroclimatic zoning can contribute to the process of identifying potential and critical regions for new crops and the expansion of others. Keywords: agriculture, agroclimatic zoning, AWARE, environmental indicator. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Environmental performance of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) production in Galicia-Spain: A life cycle assessment approach(Elsevier BV, 2022-09-24)Aquaculture is an increasingly important supplier of food worldwide. However, due to its high dependence on agricultural and fishing resources, its growth is constantly constrained by environmental impacts beyond aquaculture production systems. Within the European Union, Spain accounts for approximately 25 % of total aquaculture production, which implies that environmental impacts in rivers and marine ecosystems must be monitored to understand the role of aquaculture systems. While studies on the environmental performance of mussels or turbot production have been reported in the literature, Spanish rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) has not received much attention despite its relative importance. In this sense, a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) study of rainbow trout produced in a medium-sized plant in Galicia (NW Spain) was carried out in the present study. The study considered the production of round weight trout, as well as some commonly produced processed products, including filleting. The life cycle modelling included a high level of primary data in the foreground system. In addition to the widely considered environmental impact categories for this activity (e.g., global warming potential, terrestrial acidification and freshwater eutrophication), the recent proposed antibiotic resistance (ABR) enrichment impact category was included to explore the potential impact of antibiotic release in freshwater microbiota. The results highlighted the high contribution of aquafeed to most impact categories, due to upstream agricultural and fishing processes, whereas farm operation was responsible for the larger part of the impact in freshwater eutrophication, mainly due to direct emissions of nutrients from fish feeding. Amoxicillin release to recipient water bodies was the main driver to the ABR enrichment category. In contrast, the processing phase (i.e., gutting, freezing and packaging) showed low environmental burdens. In order to improve the environmental performance of the rainbow trout production system, decreasing the feed conversion ratio (FCR), shifting to renewable energy, using low environmental burden ingredients in aquafeed, and alternatives to control diseases without antibiotics could be considered. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Are Peruvians moving toward healthier diets with lower environmental burden? Household consumption trends for the period 2008–2021(John Wiley and Sons Inc, 2024-10-01)Peru is one of the most diverse countries in the world in terms of food production, but also suffers a wide range of food security challenges, including malnutrition, the impact of natural hazards, and rising food prices. People living in poverty conditions are the main victims of these problems, which trigger undernutrition, obesity, and diet-related non-transmittable diseases. Despite these challenges, Peru lacks historical food intake data. Therefore, in the current study, we assess the diet quality evolution in the period 2008–2021 based on apparent household purchases extracted from the National Household Survey. The results reveal significant variations in the consumption of certain food items and groups, and the consequences of these changes are discussed in environmental and human health terms. The consumption of lower environmental impact animal protein, such as chicken, eggs, and marine fish, has increased by 37%, 69%, and 29%, respectively; whereas the consumption of high environmental impact foods, such as beef and other red meat, has decreased. Moreover, consumption of less processed carbohydrate sources (e.g., legumes, fruits, and vegetables) has risen, while refined sugar and sugar-sweetened beverages have decreased significantly (almost 45%). Regional differences were also visible; hence, cities on the Northern coast and the Amazon basin had similar consumption habits, whereas Central/Southern coastal and Andean cities had closer consumption patterns. On average, this improvement was reflected in the increase in calories (9.9%) and macronutrient intake (up to 15%), but at the socioeconomic level, food inequality persists, with consumption of many food groups below minimum thresholds in lower socioeconomic strata. This article met the requirements for a gold/gold JIE data openness badge described at http://jie.click/badges. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Revising Regionalized Water Scarcity Characterization Factors for Selected Watersheds Along the Hyper-Arid Peruvian Coast Using the AWARE Method(Springer, 2023-11-01)The Peruvian coast is known for its low water availability and high water demand, which is mainly satisfied by groundwater sources. The current study develops regionalized water scarcity characterization factors (CFs) based on the available water remaining (AWARE) method for eight selected watersheds located along the hyper-arid Peruvian coast. Furthermore, the paper proposes water scarcity CFs for groundwater in six watersheds, which are not available in current methods. Methods: The regionalization of water scarcity CFs along the Peruvian coast was based on the following: (i) national delineation of hydrological units (HUs), (b) use of primary data on water availability and demand provided by official water balance reports and national databases, (c) use of the ecological flow values recommended by national authorities, and (d) proposal of specific water scarcity CFs for groundwater. Moreover, the results of the updated CFs were compared to those from the original CFs from AWARE. A sensitivity analysis, including recalculated CFs based on future climate change scenarios, was also provided. Thereafter, water scarcity impacts for grape and avocado production available in the scientific literature were recalculated based on previous studies with the new CFs. Results and discussion: Results revealed significant differences between updated and original water scarcity CFs in both geographical and temporal (i.e., monthly) terms. Hence, updated CFs showed that all watersheds selected experience high levels of water scarcity, especially from June to October, a more realistic scenario than that showed with original water scarcity CFs when confronted to water availability values. Meanwhile, water scarcity CFs for groundwater showed intense pressure all year round for the three main sources of groundwater (i.e., Chillon, Rimac, and Lurin aquifers) that provide water to the city of Lima, whereas only one groundwater watershed showed low water scarcity (i.e., Mala-Omas aquifer). Conclusions: Updated water scarcity CFs provide a watershed-based quantification of water scarcity in the hyper-arid Peruvian coast, which we consider more realistic as compared to the original CFs. Moreover, the water scarcity CFs proposed for groundwater allow estimating the pressure over aquifers in a higher level of disaggregation, which can be used to monitor the overexploitation of groundwater sources in an area that is highly dependent on these water sources.