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Item type:Publication, Fabrication and luminescence properties in Yb–Tb co-doped a-SiCO thin films(VBRI Press, 2020-07-24)Amorphous silicon oxycarbide (a-SiCxOy) single doped with Yb3+ and co-doped with the couple Tb3+ - Yb3+ thin films were grown on crystalline silicon substrates by rf magnetron sputtering. The elemental composition in at. % is determined by energy dispersive spectroscopy and fourier transform infrared spectroscopy allows to investigate the chemical properties of the host. The concentration of Yb in the single doped sample was 3.5% and for the codoped samples (Yb, Tb) were (3%, 0.9%), (3.5%, 0.6%) and (4%, 0.6%), respectively. Post-deposition annealing treatments were made in order to induce optical activation of the rare earths. Conversion or absorption of high energy photons were analyzed by photoluminescence spectroscopy. The photoluminescence spectra show that for a given temperature range in the thermal annealing process, as well as for the appropriate rare earth concentrations the activation of Yb3+ and Tb3+ is enhanced. A strong reduction of the Tb3+ emission in contrast to the Yb3+ emission in the a-SiCxOy,:Tb:Yb samples at annealing temperature at 500°C suggests a energy transfer from Tb3+ to Yb3+ ions. Copyright © 2018 VBRI Press. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Estudio de los métodos analíticos para la extracción de parámetros eléctricos de módulos fotovoltaicos de capas delgadas(Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería, 2020-05-09)Para conocer la eficiencia real de un panel y poder predecir su potencia y producción energética es necesario estudiar su comportamiento y caracterizarlo a las condiciones reales del lugar en el que está instalado. El modelo de un solo diodo para celdas fotovoltaicas (FV) relaciona la corriente y el voltaje del módulo FV mediante cinco parámetros eléctricos que nos dan información fundamental acerca de los procesos físicos que tienen lugar en las celdas FV y del estado del módulo. Actualmente, existen diversos métodos analíticos, numéricos y heurísticos para extraer los parámetros del modelo, cada uno con ventajas y desventajas que dependen del tipo de módulo y de las condiciones ambientales. Se realizó un estudio de métodos de extracción analíticos que se usan actualmente para módulos FV de silicio cristalino y se aplicaron a tecnologías FV de capas delgadas. En este trabajo se presentan los resultados de la extracción de parámetros a través de comparación entre la curva corriente-voltaje (IV) medida y la modelada, además de cálculos de Normalized Root Mean Square Error (NRMSE) con el fin de comparar y evaluar ambos métodos analíticos. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Estudio del efecto del polvo y estimación de la potencia nominal en un string fotovoltaico(Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería, 2020-05-09)La cantidad de polvo depositado en la superficie de un panel depende de los parámetros ambientales. Estos son de naturaleza aleatoria (ej. humedad, velocidad del viento y temperatura ambiente) lo que dificulta su modelamiento teórico. El presente trabajo describe el efecto del polvo calculando el factor de reducción (ηpolvo) y modelando su dependencia en el tiempo. Para lograr esto, se llevó una campaña experimental en tres strings tándem (a-Si / µc-Si) de 1.15 kW ubicados en la cuidad de Lima, dividida en dos periodos de tiempo. El primer periodo, del 15.07.2016 al 04.07.2017, los tres string se limpiaron dos veces semanalmente. La potencia nominal fue calculada para los días con cielo despejado. Se encontró que entre cada string existen ligeras diferencias o mismatch en la potencia nominal, lo que se consideró estimar un factor de corrección (k) con el propósito de reajustar la potencia de salida. En la segunda etapa del 05.07.2017 al 05.07.2018, se dejó que el polvo se deposite de manera natural, estudiando el efecto del polvo en la caída energética mediante el factor de reducción. Comprender este factor será de importancia para las operaciones de mantenimiento de los strings ubicados en ese entorno especifico. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Procedimiento del cálculo de la potencia nominal de un generador fotovoltaico(Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería, 2020-05-09)La potencia nominal de un sistema fotovoltaico es un parámetro útil en la determinación de la condición en el que se encuentra el generador fotovoltaico. En el presente trabajo se siguió el procedimiento planteado por Martínez-Moreno, el cual se apoya en el modelo de Osterwald. Durante el desarrollo del procedimiento se observó el efecto de histéresis en diferente medida a lo largo de la campaña experimental. Los valores de la potencia corregida versus irradiancia diferían a lo largo del día, incluso cuando los valores de irradiancia y temperatura del módulo son similares. Lo que conllevaba a una incertidumbre en la inclusión de todos los datos. Debido a esto, se busca la adición de un filtro de los datos en el procedimiento de la estimación de la potencia nominal como complemento a lo propuesto por Martínez-Moreno en un intento de esclarecer el cálculo en generadores que presenten este comportamiento no lineal. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Puesta en marcha de un laboratorio para la caracterización de tecnologías fotovoltaicas a sol real bajo las condiciones climáticas de Lima(Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería, 2020-05-09)En este trabajo se presenta el diseño, la implementación y los primeros resultados de un Laboratorio de Investigación Fotovoltaica desarrollado en las instalaciones del Grupo de Ciencia de Materiales y Energías Renovables (MatER-PUCP) de la Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú en colaboración con el Grupo de Investigación y Desarrollo en Energía Solar y Automática (IDEA) de la Universidad de Jaén (UJA) de España. Este laboratorio es uno de los primeros en el país con el equipamiento adecuado para la calibración y certificación de diferentes tecnologías, comerciales y emergentes, de módulos fotovoltaicos en el mercado peruano. Los resultados que se esperan obtener mediante una extensa campaña experimental, que inició en mayo del 2019, podrán ser ofertados a empresas u otras instituciones públicas, como estudios detallados del comportamiento y degradación de las diferentes tecnologías de módulos fotovoltaicos en función de las condiciones climáticas particulares de la ciudad de Lima (niveles de irradiancia y su componente difuso, temperatura de operación, humedad, distribución espectral, y polvo). - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Impact of measured spectrum variation on solar photovoltaic efficiencies worldwide(Center for Open Science, 2021-09-02)In ratings of solar photovoltaic performance, variation in the spectrum of sunlight is commonly neglected. A single spectrum, AM1.5, is used as the sole basis not only for record laboratory efficiencies, but also for commercial module power ratings, the performance metrics for solar power plants, and warranty claims. Incorporation of solar spectrum variation would improve accuracy and reduce the financial consequences of prediction errors. Ground-level measurements of spectral irradiance collected worldwide have been pooled to provide an extensive – though by no means comprehensive – sampling of the variation. Applied to nine solar cell types, the resulting divergence in solar cell performance illustrates that a single spectrum is insufficient for comparison of cells with different spectral responses. In contrast with single-junction cells such as silicon and cadmium telluride, cells with two or more semiconductor junctions tend to have efficiencies below that obtained under AM1.5. Increases in the degree of sun tracking are shown to decrease efficiency for cells with a narrower spectral response. Of the nine cell types, silicon exhibits the least spectral sensitivity: relative site variation ranges from 1% in Lima, Peru to 14% in Edmonton, Canada, with a mean of 4%. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Identifying barriers and opportunities in the deployment of the residential photovoltaic prosumer segment in Chile(Elsevier, 2021-06-01)Photovoltaic (PV) prosumers can play a significant role in the transition toward sustainable cities. However, the implementation of more effective policies which accelerate the deployment of this market is needed. In this study, after an overview of the residential PV prosumer (RPVP) market's status in Chile, critical parameters that can speed-up the deployment of this segment through policy decisions were identified. Considering the local conditions of each regional capital in Chile, the segment is analyzed with widely-used econometric techniques to evaluate the residential PV systems feasibility empirically. The results show that the Chilean regulatory framework is insufficient for exploiting the potential of the RPVP. Without effective policy instruments, high investment costs and low income per household are the main barriers in the deployment of the segment in this country. Therefore, suitable promotion energy policies, regulatory changes, and financing options can accelerate the deployment without majorly impacting on the national budget. This would let citizens help accelerate decarbonization through a more decentralized and democratic energy transition, gaining socio-economic and socio-environmental benefits, based on solar PV technology. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Estimation of the effective nominal power of a photovoltaic generator under non-ideal operating conditions(Elsevier, 2021-12-20)The nominal power is an essential parameter for evaluating the general state of a photovoltaic plant. The American Society for Testing and Materials, the International Electrotechnical Commission and other works propose procedures that allow estimating the nominal power of a photovoltaic generator in outdoor conditions. These procedures generally require monitoring days with ideal conditions, particularly clear sky days with high irradiance values and low wind speeds. These restrictions can limit the available number of monitoring days, especially in places with frequent cloud formations. In this work, a 109.44 kW photovoltaic plant was monitored for six months in Granada, Spain. Its nominal power is first estimated applying a referential procedure reported in the literature for large PV plants under the required ideal climatic conditions. In order to overcome the restrictions for estimating the nominal power, we propose a new procedure applicable not only for ideal but also for non-ideal conditions, such as found on partially cloudy days. This new procedure applies non-parametric statistics to find the most probable value of the nominal power within a single monitoring day. A statistical analysis indicates that it reliably estimates the nominal power at non-ideal conditions while preserving the same estimation accuracy as under ideal conditions. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Spectral effects on the energy yield of various photovoltaic technologies in Lima (Peru)(Elsevier, 2021-05-15)This study presents for the first time the spectral impact on the performance of different photovoltaic (PV) technologies in Lima, Peru. We experimentally monitored the spectral distributions over one year (March 2019–February 2020). The average photon energy (APE) is calculated as a representative parameter to evaluate the spectral distributions. The spectral mismatch factor (MM) enables an estimation of the spectral gains of distinct PV technologies: amorphous silicon (a-Si), perovskite, cadmium telluride (CdTe), multicrystalline silicon (multi-Si), monocrystalline silicon (mono-Si) and copper indium gallium selenide with two distinct band-gaps (CIGS-1 and CIGS-2). We found that the annual APE has a value of 1.923 eV, indicating that the spectrum is shifted to shorter wavelengths. In contrast to studies performed in other locations, the spectral distribution shows relatively small monthly APE value variations. This nearly negligible seasonality could be attributed to the low latitude and the particular climate in Lima. Larger-bandgap PV technologies, such as a-Si, perovskite, and CdTe, resulted in annual spectral gains of +6.8%, +4.8%, and +2.1%, respectively. Lower-bandgap PV technologies (CIGS-2, multi-Si, CIGS-1, and mono-Si), present small annual spectral gains of −0.9%, −1.4%, −1.6% and −2.3%, respectively. Also, a quasi-linear correlation between APE and MM was found for all PV technologies. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Impact of measured spectrum variation on solar photovoltaic efficiencies worldwide(Elsevier Ltd, 2022-08-01)In photovoltaic power ratings, a single solar spectrum, AM1.5, is the de facto standard for record laboratory efficiencies, commercial module specifications, and performance ratios of solar power plants. More detailed energy analysis that accounts for local spectral irradiance, along with temperature and broadband irradiance, reduces forecast errors to expand the grid utility of solar energy. Here, ground-level measurements of spectral irradiance collected worldwide have been pooled to provide a sampling of geographic, seasonal, and diurnal variation. Applied to nine solar cell types, the resulting divergence in solar cell efficiencies illustrates that a single spectrum is insufficient for comparisons of cells with different spectral responses. Cells with two or more junctions tend to have efficiencies below that under the standard spectrum. Silicon exhibits the least spectral sensitivity: relative weekly site variation ranges from 1% in Lima, Peru to 14% in Edmonton, Canada.