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Item type:Publication, The gender wage gap and domestic violence against women: Evidence from Peru(Universidad de los Andes, Colombia, 2024-02-29)In Peru, 68% of women have reported being the victim of partner violence, at some point in their lives. However, very little is known about the economic determinants of domestic violence. The present study is intended to analyze the relationship between the gender wage gap and domestic violence in Peru. We understand that the gap is a characteristic of the market that places women at a disadvantage compared to men. Data from the National Household Survey enables the calcula-tion of this wage gap. This information, combined with the violence report from the Demographic and Health Survey, is used in the regression anal-yses. We find that wide wage gaps are associated with higher incidences of physical and emotional violence. This result also extends to women who are not gainfully employed. These women ben-efit from greater equality in the labor market that provides them with better potential inco-me, which would increase their bargaining power within the home. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Brecha salarial de género y violencia doméstica contra la mujer en el Perú(2023-07-11)En el Perú, el 68% de las mujeres de todo el país reporta haber sido víctima, alguna vez, de violencia por parte de su pareja. Sin embargo, se conoce muy poco sobre los determinantes económicos de la violencia doméstica contra la mujer. El presente estudio tiene como objetivo analizar la relación entre brecha salarial de género y la violencia doméstica en el Perú. En específico, se busca medir el efecto de la brecha salarial de género sobre el riesgo de sufrir violencia doméstica. En este caso, la brecha salarial es una característica del mercado laboral al cual se enfrentan las mujeres en desventaja al que enfrentan los varones. Por tanto, la violencia no se explicaría solo por las características de las mujeres, de la pareja y del hogar; sino también por las condiciones del mercado de trabajo. Se encuentra que brechas salariales amplias están asociadas con mayores incidencias de violencia física y emocional. Este resultado se extiende también a mujeres que no trabajan. Ellas se benefician de una mayor igualdad en el mercado laboral que le provee mejores ingresos potenciales, lo cual aumentaría su poder de negociación dentro del hogar y facilitaría la salida de relaciones violentas. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
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Item type:Publication, Effects of Peru's National School Feeding Program (Qali Warma) on Overweight and Obesity Among Children Aged 36–59 Months(Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI), 2026-06-01)Background: School feeding programs aim to improve child nutrition, and they may influence weight outcomes insofar as program modalities and household responses alter children's total energy intake. This is especially relevant in countries facing the double burden of malnutrition, where undernutrition and micronutrient deficiencies coexist with rising overweight and obesity. This study estimates the effect of Peru's former National School Feeding Program on obesity and excess weight among children aged 36 to 59 months under a selection-on-observables identification strategy and assesses whether impacts differ across operational modalities, particularly breakfast-only versus breakfast plus lunch and ready-to-eat rations versus foods delivered for preparation. Methods: We use repeated cross-sectional microdata from the Demographic and Health Survey (ENDES) pooled over 2014 to 2018 and link them to administrative information. The sample includes 18,959 children aged 36 to 59 months. To improve comparability, we estimate propensity score weights targeting the average treatment effect on the treated (ATT) using a machine learning generalized boosted model (GBM), and assess covariate balance using standardized mean differences and Kolmogorov–Smirnov statistics. Identification assumes conditional independence given observed covariates and overlap (common support). Main estimates rely on weighted probit models with fixed effects, progressively adding exposure duration, modality indicators, and controls. Distributional effects are examined using quantile regression on the continuous weight-for-height z-score. Results: Without differentiating modalities, beneficiary status is not associated with a statistically significant change in obesity, while pooled baseline estimates indicate a statistically significant higher probability of excess weight. Modality-specific results show that obesity declines only when Qali Warma is delivered as breakfast plus lunch through products to be prepared (approximately −1.0 percentage point in parsimonious models and −0.4 percentage points after controls). Evidence for excess weight is directionally consistent by modality but less conclusive once controls are included. Conclusions: Qali Warma's effects on early-childhood weight outcomes depend on implementation modality. Evaluations of school feeding programs should incorporate operational heterogeneity, particularly during program redesign.2