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Item type:Publication, Mass spectrometry: A rosetta stone to learn how fungi interact and talk(MDPI, 2020-06-01)Fungi are a highly diverse group of heterotrophic organisms that play an important role in diverse ecological interactions, many of which are chemically mediated. Fungi have a very versatile metabolism, which allows them to synthesize a large number of still little-known chemical compounds, such as soluble compounds that are secreted into the medium and volatile compounds that are chemical mediators over short and long distances. Mass spectrometry (MS) is currently playing a dominant role in mycological studies, mainly due to its inherent sensitivity and rapid identification capabilities of different metabolites. Furthermore, MS has also been used as a reliable and accurate tool for fungi identification (i.e., biotyping). Here, we introduce the readers about fungal specialized metabolites, their role in ecological interactions and provide an overview on the MS-based techniques used in fungal studies. We particularly present the importance of sampling techniques, strategies to reduce false-positive identification and new MS-based analytical strategies that can be used in mycological studies, further expanding the use of MS in broader applications. Therefore, we foresee a bright future for mass spectrometry-based research in the field of mycology. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Reports of feeding incidents of cattle by Andean bear (Tremarctos ornatus) in Central Peru(Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 2020-12-31)In 2015, the Ministry of Agriculture of Peru received complaints about Andean bears’ livestock attacks in central Peru. The ministry contacted our Andean bear research group to confirm these events. Already in the area, traces of the presence of Andean bear (e.g., as hair and feces) were found within grazing areas, and 13 cattle carcasses, some of them with evidence of consumption by bear. Although not conclusive, the condition of a corpse also suggested predation by bear. Even though we could not confirm bear attacks, we did confirm that they were involved in livestock feeding incidents (e.g., scavenging). Finally, we point out the importance of quick responses to reduce human-bear conflicts.Key words: Andean bear predation, human-predator conflicts, natural protected area, Peruvian Andes, Tremarctos ornatus. RESUMENEn 2015 el Ministerio de Agricultura de Perú recibí denuncias sobre ataques a ganado por parte de oso andino en el centro del Perú. El ministerio contactó con nuestro grupo de investigación de oso andino para confirmar estos sucesos. Ya en el área encontramos rastros (ej. pelos y heces) de la presencia de oso andino dentro de zonas de pastoreo, así como 13 cadáveres de ganado, algunos de ellos con evidencias de consumo por oso. Aunque no fue concluyente, la condición de un cadáver también sugería depredación por oso. A pesar de que no pudimos confirmar los ataques por oso, sí confirmamos que estaban involucrados en incidentes de alimentación con el ganado (ej. carroñeo).Palabras clave: Andes peruanos, área natural protegida, conflictos humano-depredadores, depredación del oso andino, Tremarctos ornatus. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Analysis of the conservation status of Peruvian orchids: The case of the genus Telipogon(Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, 2020-05-25)Aunque la familia de las orquídeas es uno de los grupos de plantas mejor representados en los listados de conservación a nivel mundial, aun este número de representantes es pequeño considerando su alta diversidad y vulnerabilidad. Esto es particularmente notorio en los listados de la flora amenazada del Perú. En el presente comentario se analiza la representatividad de las orquídeas, con foco en las especies del género Telipogon incluidas en los listados de categorización de conservación en el Perú, enfatizando la importancia de realizar correctos listados y categorizaciones coherentes con las metas Aichi del Plan Estratégico para la Diversidad Biológica 2011-2020. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Reproductive biology of Syagrus coronata (Arecaceae): sex‐biased insect visitation and the unusual case of scent emission by peduncular bracts(Wiley, 2020-08-05)Several monoecious species of palms have developed complex strategies to promote cross-pollination, including the production of large quantities of floral resources and the emission of scents that are attractive to pollinators. Syagrus coronata constitutes an interesting model with which to understand the evolution of plant reproductive strategies in a monoecious species adapted to seasonally dry forests. We monitored blooming phenology over 1 year, during which we also collected and identified floral visitors and putative pollinators. We identified potential floral visitor attractants by characterizing the scent composition of inflorescences as well as of peduncular bracts, during both male and female phases, and the potential for floral thermogenesis. Syagrus coronata produces floral resources throughout the year. Its inflorescences are predominantly visited by a diverse assortment of small-sized beetles, whose richness and abundance vary throughout the different phases of anthesis. We did not find evidence of floral thermogenesis. A total of 23 volatile compounds were identified in the scent emitted by the inflorescences, which did not differ between male and female phases; whereas the scent of the peduncular bracts was composed of only 4-methyl guaiacol, which was absent in inflorescences. The composition of floral scent chemistry indicates that this palm has evolved strategies to be predominantly pollinated by small-sized weevils. Our study provides rare evidence of a non-floral scent emitting structure involved in pollinator attraction, only the second such case specifically in palms. The peculiarities of the reproductive strategy of S. coronata might play an important role in the maintenance of pollination services and pollen dispersion. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, The uncinate viscidium and floral setae, an evolutionary innovation and exaptation to increase pollination success in the Telipogon alliance (Orchidaceae: Oncidiinae)(Springer, 2020-09-01)Floral innovations are key for pollinator specialization and play a significant role in plant diversification. Orchidaceae present many examples of floral innovations that allow its high degrees of pollinator specialization and promoted speciation. The rich neotropical genus Telipogon evolved an uncinate (=hook-like) viscidium on the pollinarium and setae-bearing flowers, which are uncommon in Orchidaceae; however, the importance of them on pollination success and whether they are floral innovations or exaptations in Telipogon have not been investigated. Here we investigate the morphology of the viscidium and floral setae within the Telipogon alliance (including the genera Hofmeisterella, Trichoceros and Telipogon), test their significance in pollination, and their occurrence and evolution across the Oncidiinae. We used Telipogon peruvianus as a model species to test whether uncinate viscidium and floral setae increased pollination success compared with a cochleariform (=spoon-like) viscidium and lack of floral setae condition. We show that the uncinate viscidium is a synapomorphy for Telipogon; setae-bearing flowers are not universally found among all species of Telipogon and evolved once in the Telipogon alliance. Furthermore, Telipogon peruvianus flowers with an uncinate viscidium have achieved higher pollinia export than those with cochleariform viscidium (ancestral condition), whereas flowers with setae have both higher success in pollinia removal, although not significant, and pollinia deposition than those lacking of setae (ancestral condition). We demonstrate that uncinate viscidia and floral setae in Telipogon are a key innovation and exaptation, respectively, that enhance pollination success and they might act as drivers of diversification and pollinator specialization in this genus. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Genetic diversity in natural populations of the endangered Neotropical orchid Telipogon peruvianus(Wiley, 2020-09-09)Abstract Telipogon peruvianus is a highly restricted, sexually deceptive, Neotropical orchid species, endemic to the southern Peruvian Andes. It is only known from two localities, which are affected by anthropogenic disturbance. Here, we investigated whether the restricted distribution of T. peruvianus has led to low genetic diversity and inbreeding, thus threatening its survival. We isolated 10 novel microsatellite loci specific for T. peruvianus (and that also cross‐amplified in related species) from two adjacent populations. We found that genetic diversity within populations was only moderately reduced, along with some evidence of inbreeding. We found low levels of genetic differentiation, suggesting connectivity by pollen/seed flow between the two populations. Effective population size was comparable to the real number of flowering individuals in the populations and we did not detect the signature of recent bottlenecks. Taken together, these results show that, despite increasing anthropogenic pressure, the two investigated populations of T. peruvianus still host valuable genetic diversity that should be preserved through appropriate conservation strategies. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Telipogon chachapoyensis (Orchidaceae), a New Species from Peru Similar to T. microglossus(American Society of Plant Taxonomists Inc.1000 E University AvenueLaramieWY 82071, 2020-04-01)Abstract—Telipogon chachapoyensis is described as a new species. It is similar to Telipogon microglossus. We provide a description, illustrations, pictures, and information about the habitat of this new species. Furthermore, we present information and discuss the identity and occurrence of species morphologically similar to Telipogon chachapoyensis, which we call the Telipogon microglossus group, a distinct group among the Telipogon. We also transfer a recently described species, Stellilabium latialatum, to Telipogon. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Spatial variation in bidirectional pollinator-mediated interactions between two co-flowering species in serpentine plant communities(Oxford University Press, 2021-12-01)Pollinator-mediated competition and facilitation are two important mechanisms mediating co-flowering community assembly. Experimental studies, however, have mostly focused on evaluating outcomes for a single interacting partner at a single location. Studies that evaluate spatial variation in the bidirectional effects between co-flowering species are necessary if we aim to advance our understanding of the processes that mediate species coexistence in diverse co-flowering communities. Here, we examine geographic variation (i.e. at landscape level) in bidirectional pollinator-mediated effects between co-flowering Mimulus guttatus and Delphinium uliginosum. We evaluated effects on pollen transfer dynamics (conspecific and heterospecific pollen deposition) and plant reproductive success. We found evidence of asymmetrical effects (one species is disrupted and the other one is facilitated) but the effects were highly dependent on geographical location. Furthermore, effects on pollen transfer dynamics did not always translate to effects on overall plant reproductive success (i.e. pollen tube growth) highlighting the importance of evaluating effects at multiple stages of the pollination process. Overall, our results provide evidence of a spatial mosaic of pollinator-mediated interactions between co-flowering species and suggest that community assembly processes could result from competition and facilitation acting simultaneously. Our study highlights the importance of experimental studies that evaluate the prevalence of competitive and facilitative interactions in the field, and that expand across a wide geographical context, in order to more fully understand the mechanisms that shape plant communities in nature. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, An homage to Peru’s bicentenary: Maxillaria bicentenaria (Orchidaceae), a new species previously misidentified as M. pyhalae(Magnolia Press, 2021-09-03)We propose the new species Maxillaria bicentenaria from the montane forest of central Peru and provide an amendment of the description of Maxillaria pyhalae. Maxillaria bicentenaria is similar to M. pyhalae but differs by the elliptic to sub-elliptic labellum, the labellum distal half irregularly plicate, the flattened and transversally sub-trapezoidal labellar callus, the campanulate to sub-campanulate protuberance at the labellum apex centre, and the conspicuous carina with a sharp edge towards the top of the anther. Illustrations, pictures, and a distribution map are provided for both Maxillaria species. The differential features of both species are presented and previous misidentified records are discussed. Finally, a comment on the author name of Maxillaria fletcheriana is also provided. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Gender identity and sexual experience affect mating behaviour and chemical profile in the lesser mealworm, Alphitobius diaperinus (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)(Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 2021-08-04)Alphitobius diaperinus (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae), the lesser mealworm, is one of the most significant pests of the poultry industry worldwide. These insects cause structural damage in poultry houses and transmit several diseases, impacting chickens’ productivity and rearing costs. Although semiochemicals may offer alternative insect pest management strategies, basic information regarding pheromone identity and their role on the behavioural ecology according to their circadian pattern of sexual behaviour of A. diaperinus is essentially lacking. This study is aimed to analyse the relation of gender identity and sexual experience of adults of A. diaperinus on their mating behaviour and whether this response is related to their CHC profiles secreted. The following steps were taken to achieve the study’s goal. First, the circadian pattern of their sexual activity was observed in newly emerged pairs for at least twenty-one days (virgin adults) and experienced adults collected from the field to identify a difference based on their sexual experience and achieve the optimal mating season to develop the following assays. Subsequently, Y-tube olfactometer bioassays were conducted to evaluate their odour bouquet attraction based on gender and sexual experience. Additionally, mating behaviour bioassays were conducted to evaluate the two factor effects. Finally, cuticular analysis was performed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry to evaluate possible chemical differences based on the two factors. With statistical and multivariate analysis, we found that behavioural, mating and chemical responses are different based on their sexual experience. The mating sequences were described into precopulatory, copulatory and postcopulatory phases. This finding gives us a deeper understanding of the sexual communication during mating. In summary, our findings provide new insights into the mating system and chemical ecology of A. diaperinus . The results presented here may serve as a base for further studies to develop strategies for managing this pest.