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Item type:Publication, Assessment of combined in-plane and out-of-plane fragility functions for adobe masonry buildings in the Peruvian Andes(Frontiers Media S.A., 2020-05-01)In the city of Cusco and in other parts of Peruvian andes, adobe masonry is the primarily construction material. Adobe continues being used for the construction of housing due to its low cost, its thermal properties, the use of unskilled labor as well as the local traditions of the Peruvian highlands. The Peruvian National Statistics Office (INEI) estimates that 67% of rural housing in Cusco is made of adobe masonry. Besides, previous seismic events and laboratory tests demonstrated that adobe dwellings without reinforcement are prone to collapse during an earthquake. Therefore, seismic vulnerability assessment of this type of dwellings is necessary aiming at developing proper contingency and mitigation risk policies. Then, fragility curves constitute a key tool when conducting seismic loss assessment since they provide information regarding the probability of exceeding a certain damage Limit State (LS) as a function of a given engineering demand parameter. This work aims at developing fragility curves, combining in-plane and out-of-plane loading conditions, for typical adobe buildings located in the city of Cusco. Initially, a set of one and two-story adobe houses were studied to determine the geometrical characteristics of representative local building typologies. Subsequently, 1000 artificial buildings were generated by means of Monte Carlo simulation based on the information gathered. The structural capacity of each artificial building was represented by simplified bilinear and trilinear capacity curves for in-plane and out-of-plane mechanisms, respectively. In order to represent the characteristics associated with subduction processes a set of ground motion records was established. The damage state of each building was assessed for each seismic record, and this information was collected into a Probability Damage Matrix (DPM). Finally, fragility curves were fitted for each damage state of the cumulative DPM. Preliminary results show that one and two-story adobe dwellings have a probability of collapse of 30% and 60%, respectively, when considering a peak ground acceleration (PGA) of 0.30 g, which corresponds to the expected acceleration related to a return period of 475 years over a soil type 2 according to the Peruvian Standards. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Integration of non-destructive testing, numerical simulations, and simplified analytical tools for assessing the structural performance of historical adobe buildings(Elsevier, 2021-07-05)For existing structures, the development of seismic vulnerability studies requires the availability of information related to geometry, boundary conditions, material properties, and accumulated damage. In the case of historical constructions, modern conservation criteria recommend carrying out a comprehensive structural assessment that involves the use of concurrent experimental diagnosis complemented with numerical and analytical approaches for structural analysis. This paper presents a proposal for a comprehensive integration of these perspectives by the application of several tools for the seismic performance analysis of an iconic Andean historical adobe building: the 'San Pedro Apostol Church' located in Andahuaylillas, Southern Peru. In this church, several non-destructive techniques for geometrical and damage assessment were combined with structural exploration tools, nonlinear numerical modeling, and simplified analytical tools for performing predictive seismic analysis. The results indicate the feasibility of the integration of these techniques for studying existing earthen buildings and their capacity to properly predict observed damage in past earthquakes (i.e. failures of bell towers, façade walls, tympani, and triumphal arches). In particular, the analyses allowed the identification of high seismic vulnerability of the studied church in occasional earthquakes (earthquakes with a return period of 72 years) due to the activation of collapse mechanisms consisting of rocking of the façade walls and out-of-plane overturning of the lateral walls. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Vulnerability assessment of earthen structures(Elsevier BV, 2022-01-01)Around 17 percent of the total World’s population leaves in earthen structures. These structures are often located in developing countries which are prone to the occurrence of strong seismic actions. Unfortunately, unreinforced earthen buildings are characterized by a poor structural performance during earthquakes, experiencing severe damage and also partial or complete collapse. Then, there is the necessity to understand and to evaluate the seismic vulnerability these structures to elaborate effective strategies for risk management and mitigation. In this chapter, some study cases associated with the seismic vulnerability assessment of adobe buildings using empirical, mechanical, and analytical methodologies are presented and discussed. A detailed application of the latter to adobe dwellings located in Cusco, Peru, employing displacement- and force-based approaches, is also reported for 1 and 2-story adobe dwellings. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Shake-table testing of a brick masonry groin vault: Overview of blind predictions and postdictions and comparison with experimental results(Taylor and Francis Ltd., 2024-01-01)This paper presents the results of the blind test competition carried out within the scope of the European project SERA.ta “Seismic Response of Masonry Cross Vaults: Shaking table tests and numerical validations”. The purpose of the competition was to predict the results of a set of tests carried out on an unstrengthened full-scale cross vault with mortar joints and solid bricks (then strengthened with textile reinforced mortar) subjected to a horizontal dynamic excitation. The paper offers an overview of the modelling approaches utilised, along with their corresponding predictions and post dictions. The findings are assessed based on both the damage mechanisms and predicted values for displacements and accelerations in both directions. The results are then compared with the experimental findings. Modelling approaches utilizing the Finite Element Method (FEM) yielded the most accurate predictions regarding displacements and crack patterns. Conversely, a submission employing a Discrete Element model provided the most accurate prediction of damage mechanisms. Nonetheless, the significant discrepancies in predicted displacements and accelerations underscore the necessity for continued efforts to establish consensus on appropriate modelling assumptions for masonry vaults. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Numerical Simulation of the Response of an Unreinforced Brick-Masonry Cross Vault Subjected to Seismic Loading(Taylor & Francis, 2023-12-05)This paper presents the numerical evaluation of the seismic response of a masonry cross vault using the Discrete Macro-Element Method (DMEM). The case study corresponded to a full-scale unstrengthened cross vault that was experimentally investigated within the scope of the SERA Project — Seismic Response of Masonry Cross Vaults: Shaking table tests and numerical validations. The cross vault was subjected to repeated shaking table and dynamic identification tests until reaching significant damage. The numerical simulations involved the calibration of the Young’s modulus of the masonry material aiming at reproducing the cross vault’s experimental natural frequencies and mode shapes. The comparison of frequencies was carried out by estimating the difference between experimental and numerical results, whereas the correspondence between mode shapes was studied using the Modal Assurance Criterion. Subsequently, a sensitivity analysis was performed to identify the influence of nonlinear properties on the seismic response of the cross vault (displacement and acceleration time histories and failure mechanism). The accuracy of the numerical time histories was evaluated by estimating magnitude and phase discrepancies. The results aimed at demonstrating the applicability of the DMEM for assessing the seismic response of masonry cross vaults with an acceptable degree of accuracy and low computational cost. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Non-Destructive Testing and Historic Building Information Modelling for the Structural Diagnosis of the Church of the Society of Jesus in Cusco, Peru(Inderscience Publishers, 2023-12-03)This paper aims at presenting the results of a set of non-destructive tests (NDT) applied to an emblematic stone masonry church and the generation of a 3D parametric model to store and visualise structural diagnosis information following the historic building information modelling (HBIM) framework. Reverse engineering techniques were applied to obtain a precise point cloud of the church. NDT results exposed that the church currently presents several structural anomalies such as cracks, efflorescence, and moisture, among others. In addition, the mechanical characterisation showed that the masonry walls and pillars have an elasticity modulus within the expected range. Furthermore, with the application of operational modal analysis (OMA), it was possible to identify three modes of vibration of the structure. The representation of all the non-geometric information inside the HBIM model plus the generation of a custom plugin allowed the visualisation and adequately managing of the structural diagnosis information of the project. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Integration of NDT, 3D Parametric Modelling, and Nonlinear Numerical Analysis for the Seismic Assessment of a Vaulted Stone-Masonry Historical Building(Elsevier Ltd, 2023-07-01)This paper presents the integration of parametric modelling with NDT (NDT) and advanced numerical simulations for assessing the seismic response of an emblematic stone-masonry vaulted construction, the 16th-century church of the Society of Jesus located in Cusco, Peru. Revit parametric families allowed the creation of complex curved elements such as vaults and 3D geometrical models of the church based on a hybrid point cloud. The onsite survey results indicated that the main anomalies correspond to the presence of biological agents and cracking. In contrast, NDT allowed the estimation of the masonry material properties and the modal identification primarily of the towers. Finally, the application of pushover analyses allowed the estimation of the structure's maximum load capacity and post-peak behavoir. It was possible to determine that some collapse mechanisms (overturning of main façade and bell towers, and the generation of hinges in curved elements) can be activated in medium-strong earthquakes.